Summary: (Hbm3204) Biomolecular Mechanisms Of Disease

Read the summary and the most important questions on (HBM3204) Biomolecular Mechanisms of Disease

• 1 Cell Injury, Inflammation & Oxidative Stress

• 1.1 Different types of adaptations

• What is adaptation a response to?

  Reversible structural or functional response to physiological or pathophysiological stressors

• 1.1.1.1.1 Atrophy

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• 1. What does it mean when cells have atrophied?2. What is the term for when cells atrophy under normal conditions?3. What is the term for when cells atrophy as a result of disease related conditions?

  1. Cells got smaller in mass and volume
     
  2. physiological atrophy
  3. pathologic atrophy

• How is autophagy, the process of cleaning up damaged cellular parts and recycling the usable parts for energy and new cell growth relatated to atrophy?

  the breakdown of intracellular components via autophagy reduces cellular mass and volume, contributing to the cellular shrinkage seen in atrophy

• 1.1.1.1.2 Hypertrophy

• What is hypertrophy?Name a common cause of physiological hypertrophy?Name a common cause of pathogen hypertrophy

  1. Cells increase in mass and volume
  2. increased workload, gym
  3. disease

• 1.1.1.2.1 Hyperplasia

• What term describes an increase in cell number due to physiological stress, hormonal stimulation, or compensatory tissue repair?

  Physiological hyperplasia

• Name the term given then cells increase in number under pathophysiological conditions like over production of hormones. Give 2 examples.

  1. Pathophysiological hyperplasia
  2. (1) endometrial hyperplasia - excess estrogen

  • (2) benign prostate hyperplasia - response to androgens

• 1.4 Outcomes of tissue injury

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• Outline the 5 step sequence of hypoxia

  
  

  1. Obstruction/cessation of blood flow
     
  2. Ischemia
     
  3. Decrease mitochondrial oxygenation
     
  4. Decrease ATP
     
  • severe vacuolisation
  • increase in anaerobic glycolysis → decrease in glycogen → increase in lactate → decrease in pH
  • decrease in Na+ pump → increase in intracellular K+, Na+ & Ca++ → increase H2O → acute cellular swelling
  5. Increase in Ca++ → cellular enzyme activities via active ATPase, phospholipase proteases and endonuclease.
     
  • Active ATPase → decrease in ATP
  • Active phospholipase + proteases = membrane damage
  • Active endonucleases = nucleus damage

• What is reperfusion injury?what 3 things does it cause damage to and what is this damage a result of?when is it important to consider reperfusion injury?

  introducing O2 back into low O2 condition
  quickly causes lipid, protein and/or DNA damage as a result of more reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and peroxide.
  Important to consider during tissue transplant, Myocardial, hepatic, intestinal, cerebral, renal ischemic disorders

• What is oncosis?outline the 8 step process

   cell death as a result of too much intracellular fluid → too much cell swelling
  

  1. injury
  2. ATP production decreases
  3. Na+ & water move into the cell and potassium moves out of cell
  4. osmotic pressure increases
  5. more water moves into the cell
  6. cistemae of endoplasmic reticulum distend, rupture and form vasuocles
  7. extensive vacuolation
  8. hydropic degeneration

• What is Jaundice?How can jaundice be a manifestation of cell injury?

  1. a medical condition where the skin and eyes turn yellow
  2. the liver, the location where bilirubin is processed is damaged therefore causing high bilirubin levels in the blood → yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice). It can also mean excess destruction of RBC because when RBC are destroyed they release their hemoglobin → breaks down into the heme and goblin components → enzymes convert the heme component into biliverdin → then bilirubin.