Summary: Psychology - Individual Differences

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• Individual Differences 1

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• What is the basic drive for Freud?

  To minimise stimulation in the NS - sees stimulation as pain, removal of this = pleasure
  Energy must be kept close to 0

• What did Helmholtz argue?

  Everything is purely physical - spiritual life does not exist.

• What is the function of the NS according to Freud?

  To discharge psychophysical energy to reduce pain and increase pleasure.

• When was 'Project for a Scientific Psychology' published?

  1950s

• What is the 'Project for a Scientific Psychology'?

  Freud states the NS is filled with energy (Q).
  Q is formed through arousal from the external world and internal excitation (basis of our instincts).

• Define 'the principle of neuronic inertia'.

  Freuds description of the removal of energy within the NS.

• How do we get rid of Q caused by internal excitation?

  By finding an object to satisfy the particular need.
  e.g. hunger = find food

• What is the neural ego?

  Store of Q
  controls energy flow through the NS
  prevents build up of Q
  avoids the reactivation of painful memories by directing attention
  core of neurons semi-permanently charged with nervous energy
  Q becomes bound to the ego

• What happens to neurons once Q has passed through according to Freud?

  Neurons become altered, making it easier for Q to travel along the same path in future.
  How memory and learning occurs - neural pathways

• describe psychoanalytic EGO

  conscious/rational/reasoning behaviour
  mediates demands of ID and reality
  operates with the reality principle (inhibits immediate discharge of Q) - not always possible to get what we want straight away.