Summary: Physiology: Innate Immunity

Read the summary and the most important questions on Physiology: Innate Immunity

• 1 Lecture 12: Innate Immunity I

• 1.1 Equine aural plaques

• What causes equine aural plaques?

  Four papillomaviruses (EcPVs 3, 4, 5, 6), black flies are the vectors

• What is the treatment for equine aural plaques?

  Imiquimod 5% cream, a TLR agonist.

• How does Imiquimod start an immune response in the body?

  Imiquimod itself becomes a PAMP, binds to PRR (Toll Like Receptor 7) and stimulation of TLR-7 results in transcription of genes for cytokines that upregulate responses that have antiviral effects

• Why use a TLR agonist in equine aural plaques?

  We use TLR agonists like imiquimod when viral PAMPs are insufficient to trigger a strong enough innate immune response for viral clearance, particularly in persistent infections like equine aural plaques.

• 1.2 Sentinel Cells

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• What are the 3 primary sentinel cells?

  1. Dendritic cell
     
  2. Macrophages
  3. Mast cells

  
  - Other cells (epithelium, endothelium, fibroblasts) can function as sentinel cells under certain circumstances

• 1.3 Pathogenesis through DAMPs

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• How do DAMPs start an immune response?

  DAMPs are released from damaged/broken cells and bind to PRRs found on sentinels

• What are some intracellular DAMPs?

  Uric acid, adenosine, HMGB1

• 1.4 Pathogenesis through PAMPs

• How do PAMPs start an immune response?

  Pathogen molecules from their cell walls can be recognized by PRR to induce an immune response

• 1.5 Common PRRs

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• What are some PRRs commonly found on sentinel cells throughout the body?

  1. Toll like receptors (TLRs): both intra and extracellular
     
  2. NOD like receptors (NLRs): cytoplasmic
  3. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs): intra
  4. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)
  5. Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs)

• What is a way that PRRs can allude the nature of the pathogen to the immune system?

  The location of DAMPs/PAMPs binding to PRRs (intra vs extracellular)