Summary: Physiology: Cardiology

Read the summary and the most important questions on Physiology: Cardiology

• 1 Lecture 1

• 1.1.1 General Function, Organization, Mechanisms of Circulation

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• Blood volume distribution

  70% contained in venous system (capacitance vessels)
  15% contained in heart and lungs
  10% contained in arteries (resistance vessels)
  5% contained in capillaries (Exchange vessels)

• Cross sectional area and velocity of blood flow

  Flow velocity steadily decreases going from aorta to capillaries, but it steadily increases going from capillaries to vena cava (changes in cross sectional area)
  
  This also allows the most exchange to take place in capillaries where: blood flows slowest, is exposed to greatest blood vessel surface area, and experiences the shortest diffusion distances.

• Mechanisms for venous return

  1. Some smooth muscle contraction
     
  2. Skeletal muscle contraction
  3. Respiratory inspiration
  4. Valves

• How does pressure change in each part of the vascular system: aorta->arteriole

  It falls progressively in each part, with little changes from aorta to arteries, with the major drop being in arterioles as the volume of blood within each vessel has decreased as they are divided amongst arterioles

• How does pressure change in each part of the vascular system: capillaries->veins

  Blood enters the capillaries at around 30 mmHg, leaves at 10 mmHg, and there is enough resistance in veins to arrive at almost 0 at right atrium

• 1.2 Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output

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• Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output

  Filling pressure of the heart continually adjusted by contracting and relaxing smooth muscle in venous wall (venous return) 
  
  This allows for an appropriate Stroke Volume

• 2 Lecture 2

• 2.1.1 Pressure pulses in arteries

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• What is the equation to find pressure pulses?

  Pulse pressure (PP) = systolic - diastolic (mmHg)
  
  Normal pulse pressure is 120-80 = 40 mmHg

• 2.2 Measurement of Cardiac Output

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• What is the dye/indicator dilution with cardiogreen?

  Known amount of dye (cardiogreen) is injected into large vein, travels through heart, lungs, arterial system. Construct curve following sampling of arterial blood for several seconds.
  
  CO (L/min) = (amount of dye injected x 60) / (average concentration of dye x DFC (duration of first circulation))

• 2.3 Vascular Function

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• Resistance and compliance in vascular structures

  Flow depends on pressure gradient and resistance to flow
  
  Q = DELTA pressure / Resistance

• What is Poiseuille's Law?

  R = 8nl/πr^4
  
  - n = viscosity
  - l = vessel length
  - r = vessel radius
  
  SMALL CHANGES IN RADIUS RESULTS IN LARGE CHANGE IN RESISTANCE