Summary: Physiology: Basic Concepts

Read the summary and the most important questions on Physiology: Basic Concepts

• 1 Lecture 2: How does the immune system protect the animal's body?

• 1.1.3 Functions of the immune system

• What are the functions of the immune system?

  1. Fighting pathogens: target and eliminate germs that cause disease
     
  2. Neutralizing harmful substances: detects and neutralizes harmful substances entering the body
  3. Fighting disease causing changes: Defending against harmful internal changes, e.g. Cancer

• 1.2 Barriers of defense

  This is a preview. There are 2 more flashcards available for chapter 1.2
  Show more cards here

• What is the time course of innate and adaptive immunity?

  1. Physical barriers act first, but don't act for too long
     
  2. Innate immunity act second, and is steady for days and weeks
  3. Adaptive immunity acts last, it is the strongest and lasts the longest (weeks)

• 2 Lecture 3: Why don't animals get the same disease twice?

• 2.1.1 Mechanism for immunological memory

  This is a preview. There are 3 more flashcards available for chapter 2.1.1
  Show more cards here

• What are characteristics of active immunity?

  1. Direct contact with the pathogen and its antigen
     
  2. A period for immunity to develop
  3. Production of antibodies in response
  4. Long lasting immunity

• How does the first encounter compare to the second encounter?

  First encounter is slower, and the complete response takes several days to several weeks to develop. The response is weaker, the body may have symptoms. It is mediated by Naive B and T cells
  
  Second encounter is very fast, memory cells respond within hours, and high antibody levels are produced in 2-4 days. The response is stronger and clears the pathogen before symptoms develop. It is mediated by Memory B and T cells

• 2.1.2 Vaccines

  This is a preview. There are 6 more flashcards available for chapter 2.1.2
  Show more cards here

• How are antibody-antigen complexes made?

  These complexes are only made when they match exactly, they have a lock-key mechanism.

• 2.2 Passive immunity

  This is a preview. There are 1 more flashcards available for chapter 2.2
  Show more cards here

• What are the key characteristics of passive immunity?

  1. Immediate protection
     
  2. Short lived: it is temporary, as the body does not produce memory cells to replenish the antibodies

• What are the types of passive immunity?

  - Natural: antibodies are transferred naturally from one individual to another (e.g. Baby receiving mother's antibodies through placenta or milk)
  - Artificial: antibodies are harvested from another source and given to an individual (e.g. Receiving an injection of antibodies/antivenom to neutralize)

• 3 Lecture 4: Where is the immune system located in the animal's body?

• 3.2 Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Tissues

• What are secondary lymphoid organs and tissues?

  Sites where mature immune cells gather to encounter foreign substances and initiate an immune response (e.g. Cavalry)
  
  1. Lymph nodes: found throughout the body, serve as filters that catch germs and foreign substances (e.g. Tonsils, adenoids)
  2. Spleen: Filters blood to identify pathogens and stores many immune cells, largest immune system organ
  3. Mucous membranes: Contain high levels of immune cells (e.g. Peyer's patches)
  4. Tonsils: Stop germs from entering the body through mouth or nose
  5. Other tissues: immune cells are also found in blood, liver, lungs
  - The bone marrow is also a secondary lymphoid organ

• 3.3 Various cells of the Immune System

  This is a preview. There are 11 more flashcards available for chapter 3.3
  Show more cards here

• What are cells involved in Innate response?

  1. Macrophage
  2. Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
  3. Mast cells
  4. Dendritic cells
  5. Natural killer cells
  6. Complement proteins
  
  The two below are bridging cells that do both innate and adaptive responses
  7. Gamma delta T cells
  8. Natural killer T cells

• What do Natural Killer cells do?

  They can recognize specific cells based on their surface proteins, and if they do not have the specific surface proteins, they will attack. Also do degranulation against cancerous cells.
  
  - Papers please